Consequently our study includes elite basketball players who played the same position and therefore did not differ significantly when it came to the mentioned characteristics (gender, role, experience, effectiveness). Participants of previous studies were usually low level players or very heterogeneus in terms of their experience and basketball skills ( Button et al., 2003 Miller and Jackson, 1995 Oberle, 2003), gender ( Elliott, 1992 Satern, 1993), and the playing position ( Miller and Bartlett, 1996). This single camera technique was unable to determine the movements occurring in the frontal and transverse planes.Īlthough there are a lot of studies providing data about the position of the shooting arm and other body segments in basketball, there is a lack of knowledge about elite basketball players. From that position it was determined what occurred during a shot at the basket in the sagittal plane. Some researchers (Elliot, 1992 Okazaki and Rodacki, 2012 Satern, 1993) also captured and analysed data from video recordings where the camera was positioned laterally relative to the study subjects. Several previous studies investigated basketball shooting and average values of certain shooting variables, which were mostly related to the shooting arm. If the angle is decreased, this angle of entry turns into an ellipsis up to the angle of 32.7º when the diameter of the ball is larger than the projected diameter of the basket and a goal is, even theoretically, no longer possible. The ball’s vertical angle of entry into the basket allows for maximum deviation. The angle of entry into the basket depends on the angle of release, the release height, and the release speed and is one of the key factors that determine whether the shot is going to be successful. When the distance from the basket is increased, the vertical ( Miller and Bartlett, 1993) and the horizontal angle on the basket decreases ( Okazacki and Rodacki, 2012), while the course of the ball to the basket increases ( Satern, 1993 Walters et al., 1990). It has been proven that basketball players do not maintain the same release conditions of the ball while shooting at the basket from different distances, where the ball’s angle of release and release height decrease when we increase the distance ( Miller and Bartlett, 1996 Okazacki and Rodacki, 2012 Satern, 1993), while the release speed of the ball increases ( Miller and Bartlett, 1996). For a successful shot, the most optimal conditions must be ensured at the time of ball release. It is a complex and a technically demanding shot where the ball is being shot while in the air. Shooting at the basket is one of the most important and most widely used elements of the basketball game ( Hay, 1994 Wissel, 2004), while the jump shot was labelled as the most important shot in basketball ( Hay, 1994) since some data suggest that half of all the points in a game are scored by the jump shot ( Erčulj and Štrubelj, 2013 Tang and Shung 2005). Along with the already well-known changes in the sagittal plane (direction X and Z), this research provides information on changes in the transverse plane, which are also very important, especially while shooting from longer distances. Distance from the basket influenced the kinematics of the shot, especially from the longest distance. 2 was 11.9 ± 3.6 cm (the shortest distance), 12.6 ± 4.7 cm (the middle distance), and 23.3 ± 5.1 cm (the longest distance). For example, the average deviation to the left for player no. Also the landing from the jump shot was on the left according to the origin. Despite that graphs of individual players differed, deviation to the left was most significant while shooting from the largest distance for all participants. The results showed that the rotation of the shoulder axis in the transverse plane, with all three participants, was greatest (p <. The main interest was on the transverse plane (direction Y), focusing on rotational movements and movements to the left and right.
The kinematics of the entire body was analysed using the inertial motion capture suit. They were shooting from three different distances (3.75 m, 5.25 m, and 6.75 m) analysis included 90 successful shots.
Our participants were three elite shooting guards who were all Slovenian national team and Euroleague players. The aim of this study was to examine chosen kinematic variables (duration of the shot, position of the centre of mass, position of the shooting hand, rotation of the shoulder axis) of successful shots and to describe differences in movement patterns in elite basketball players while increasing the distance from the basket during a jump shot.
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